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Music theory · Abbey Road, track 17

Her Majesty

The Beatles · from Abbey Road (1969) · the 23-second hidden closer

A study in a chromatic descending bass and a secondary-dominant lift, in miniature.
The whole album ends on a 23-second McCartney sketch that slides its bass down by half-step, then swings through a secondary dominant into the subdominant before cadencing home.

Key D major Move chromatic descending bass Lift secondary dominant E7 (V/V) Length 23 seconds

Her Majesty, the theory in plain words

This is the tiny hidden song at the very end of Abbey Road, only 23 seconds long, in a home key of D major.

It starts with the same chord but a walking bass note underneath that steps down one half-step at a time.

Sliding the bass down under a held chord like that is called a chromatic descending bass, one of Paul's favorite tricks.

Then the song grabs a bright chord that lifts it up and out, called a secondary dominant, before finding its way home.

It ends in the tiniest, sweetest way, on a single guitar strum.

To see the exact chords and key, open Pollack or Isophonics.

How to read this page. The chord list below is from a public transcription and clearly outlines D major.
The source page labeled the key as E, but the chord content (D, D/C#, D/B, E7, A, Bm) is unambiguously D-centered, so D is used here.

The theory

Key & tonal center

A compact D major

The song is planted in D major and never really leaves, packing a full harmonic arc into 23 seconds.
Its brevity is a joke about form: an entire miniature song squeezed into what would normally be an intro.

The signature move

Chromatic descending bass

The opening runs the same D chord over a bass line that walks down by half steps, D to C# to B, giving the illusion of chord change while the harmony above stays put.
That chromatic descending bass under a held major triad is a McCartney trademark and the whole reason the song feels like it moves so much in so little time.

Secondary dominant

The E7 lift into the subdominant

After the descent, the harmony uses an E7, a secondary dominant (V/V) that resolves to A, the dominant of the home key.
That non-diatonic lift is the emotional peak of the fragment, a bright reach outward before it turns homeward.

Extra color

Diminished passing and a bluesy D7

The chord list also passes through a D7 and a Ddim, using dominant-seventh brightness and a diminished-chord slide as chromatic connective tissue between the diatonic chords.
Even a 23-second song finds room for two flavors of non-diatonic color.

Form & ending

A miniature that cadences honestly

Unlike the medley pieces that came before, Her Majesty cadences, closing the album with an old-fashioned V–I resolution (A7 to D) rather than a segue.
The final chord is famously cut off short, one strum stripped of its own decay.

Key analysis

Key: D major.
Scale: D E F# G A B C#.
DegreeChordNashvilleRoman
1D1I
2Em2mii
3F#m3miii
4G4IV
5A5V
6Bm6mvi
E72(7) as V/Vsecondary dominant

Nashville numbers

Chords sourced from a public transcription, in D major.

Opening (chromatic descending bass)

1/1D
1/7D/C#
1/5D/B

Middle (secondary dominant lift)

2(7) V/VE7
5A
6mBm
6m9Bm9

Cadence home

1(7)D7
4G
Ddim
6(7)B7
5(7)A7
1D

Reading the numbers: each is a scale degree in D. Plain = major, m = minor, ° = diminished, (7) = a dominant-seventh coloring, slash chords show a bass tone under the chord. Here the opening 1/1, 1/7, 1/5 spells the chromatic descending bass D–C#–B.

Chord fingerings

Most chords (D, A, Bm, G) are plain open or barre triads. The seventh chords are shown below (low E to high e; x = mute).

Confirm the specifics here

Pollack, “Notes On Her Majesty”

Prose analysis of the D-major miniature, the chromatic bass, and the secondary dominant.

Open Pollack mirror →

Isophonics, annotations

Downloadable chord and key files: the exact chords and the cut-off ending.

Open Isophonics →

HookTheory / TheoryTab

Roman-numeral function and melody for the sketch, if a community tab exists.

Open the Beatles index →

BeatlesFC

Tonic, predominant, and dominant labels for the chords at phrase level.

Open the paper →
Song 17 of the 1969-forward queue, closing Abbey Road. Theory only, no production notes.
Chords are from a public transcription; exact bar-by-bar detail lives in the linked sources. See the full queue.