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Music theory, 1969 singles

Old Brown Shoe

The Beatles · non-album single B-side (April 1969) · Harrison composition

A study in tonal ambiguity between C major and A minor, chromatic ♭VI slide, and V/vi secondary dominant.
Every chord is a dominant seventh in Harrison's blues idiom (like For You Blue), but instead of a plain 12-bar the song shuttles between C major (verse) and A minor (chorus) with a chromatic A♭ (♭VI) slide and an E7 that acts as V of vi to pull the tonal center to the relative minor.

Key C major with A minor pull Verse 1(7) → 2m7 (C7-Dm7) Chorus 4(7)-♭6-4(7)-V/vi-vi Bridge 5(7)/4(7) shuttle with D7/F# as V/V

Old Brown Shoe, plain words

The home key starts as C major in the verse (C, Dm), but the chorus keeps steering to A minor, the relative minor of C. The song is genuinely torn between the two.

Every chord has a seventh added to it (C7, F7, G7). That is Harrison's blues coloring, the same trick he used in For You Blue.

The chorus has a chromatic slide: F7 up to Ab (called G# in some transcriptions), back down to F7. Ab is not from C major; it is the flat 6-chord, a color borrowed from C minor to darken the chorus for a beat.

The E7 chord in the chorus points at the A-minor chord from a fifth above. That is called V of vi, a secondary dominant of the 6-chord.

The bridge shuttles between G7 (5-chord) and F7 (4-chord), then a D7 with F# in the bass (V of V) pushes the harmony back to G7. That is a chromatic pedal push.

To see the exact chords and key, open Pollack or Isophonics.

How to read this page. The chords below are from a public transcription, in C major with a strong pull toward A minor.
The tonal center is genuinely ambiguous. Read the verse as centered on C (with C7 as a modally colored tonic) and the chorus as pivoting into A minor via the V-of-vi (E7 → Am) close.

The theory

Key & tonal center

C major with a strong pull to A minor

The verse opens on C7 and moves to Dm7 (1(7) → 2m7), a plain C-major setup. But the chorus never closes on C; it closes on Am (the 6-chord in C, or the 1 chord in A minor).
The song is one of Harrison's tonally ambiguous pieces, moving between C major and A minor without formally modulating. Every phrase can be read in either key.

The dominant-seventh palette

Every diatonic chord is voiced as (7)

C7 (1), F7 (4), G7 (5), E7 (V/vi) are all dominant sevenths. Dm7 (2m7) is a minor seventh. Am is the only plain triad in the song, and it serves as the pivot chord to A minor.
This is the same blues-idiom trick Harrison uses in For You Blue: adding a ♭7 to every major chord in the key. Here the trick is applied to a harmonically complex chord palette, not to a plain 12-bar shape.

The chromatic slide

F7 → A♭ → F7 as a ♭VI embellishment

The chorus runs F7 (4(7)), then a bare A♭ triad (spelled G# in some transcriptions), then back to F7. A♭ is not diatonic to C major; it is the ♭VI chord, borrowed from C minor as a chromatic-mixture color.
The half-step slide (F to A♭ is a minor third, but the voice leading uses a chromatic upper-neighbor motion) is a classic Harrison touch, giving the chorus a Baroque-like chromatic dip inside an otherwise diatonic passage.

The V of vi close

E7 → Am, a secondary dominant of the relative minor

Every chorus ends E7 → Am. E7 is not diatonic to C major (C major has Em, not E7); it is the V of vi, a secondary dominant pointing at Am from a fifth above with the raised third (G#) as leading tone.
This is the mechanism that keeps steering the tune to A minor. If the chorus closed on C the song would be in C; because it closes on Am (via V/vi), the tonal ambiguity is baked into the form.

The bridge push

G7-F7 shuttle with D7/F# as V of V

The bridge shuttles between G7 (5(7)) and F7 (4(7)), then approaches the final G7 through D7 with F# in the bass. D7 is not in C major (C has Dm7); it is a secondary dominant, V of V, and putting F# in the bass gives a chromatic step from F (in F7) up to F# (in D7/F#) up to G (in G7).
The chromatic bass step F → F# → G is what makes the bridge feel goal-directed instead of stuck between two chords.

Key analysis

Key: C major, with a strong pull to A minor (the relative minor). Every closing cadence resolves to Am, not C.
Scale: C D E F G A B (C major); the ♭7 in every chord and the A♭ (♭VI) chord are modal-mixture borrowings from C minor.
DegreeChordNashvilleRoman
1C71(7)I7 (blues-colored tonic)
2Dm72m7ii7
3E73(7)V/vi (secondary dominant)
4F74(7)IV7
5G75(7)V7
♭6A♭ (G#)b6♭VI (chromatic-mixture)
6Am6mvi (pivot to A minor)
2 (as V/V)D7/F#2(7)/#4V/V with chromatic bass

Nashville numbers

Chords sourced from a public transcription, in C major with an A-minor pull.

Intro

1(7)C7

Verse (1(7) → 2m7)

1(7)C7
2m7Dm7

Chorus (chromatic slide + V/vi close)

4(7)F7
b6Ab (G#)
4(7)F7
3(7)E7 (V/vi)
6mAm

Bridge (5(7)/4(7) shuttle with V/V push)

5(7)G7
4(7)F7
5(7)G7
4(7)F7
2(7)/#4D7/F#
5(7)G7

Solo (same as chorus)

4(7)F7
b6Ab
4(7)F7
3(7)E7
6mAm

Outro

1(7)C7

Reading the numbers: each is a scale degree in C. Plain = major, (7) = dominant seventh, m7 = minor seventh. Slashes show inverted bass. ♭6 is a chromatic-mixture chord (borrowed from C minor). E7 is a secondary dominant of vi. D7/F# is a secondary dominant of V with chromatic bass.

Chord fingerings

The non-obvious voicings and the chromatic slide chord (low E to high e; x = mute).

Confirm the specifics here

Pollack, "Notes On Old Brown Shoe"

Prose analysis of the C-major / A-minor ambiguity, the ♭VI slide, and the secondary dominants.

Open Pollack mirror →

Isophonics, annotations

Downloadable chord and key files (non-album singles zip includes this track).

Open Isophonics →

HookTheory / TheoryTab

Roman-numeral function and melody for the verse, chorus, and bridge.

Open the song page →

BeatlesFC

General Beatles harmonic-function paper (not per-song).

Open the paper →
Song 32 of the 1969-forward queue, second of the three 1969 non-album singles. Theory only, no production notes.
Chords are from a public transcription; exact bar-by-bar detail is at the linked sources. See the full queue.